Intensywne promieniowanie X. Źródła, optyka i niektóre zastosowania. Rozprawa habilitacyjna

Abstract

In this monograph the modern methods of the generation of the intense X-rays are explained and some examples how this radiation can be utilized in investigation of mater in its normal and excited state are given. First the properties of synchrotron radiation are discussed and generation of intense beams in bending magnets, wigglers and undulators in the synchrotrons is described. Next, the generation of short and extremely intense pulses in the newest X-ray sources, namely Free Electron Lasers (FELs) is explained and compared with radiation from other X-ray sources. Comprehensive discussion on the refractive X-ray optics is given. Such optics is more and more widely used in experiments with synchrotron radiation and radiation from FELs. Three experiments are described. In the first one the plasma created at the surface of solid targets is characterized. The second experiment, still in its infant phase, concerns the possibility of measuring the structure of a single biological molecule by means of single intense pulse of X-rays from FELs. The third experiment deals with the Compton spectrometry which requires the use of refractive lenses for the X -ray energy 175 ke V. Construction and test of such lens is described in details. It can be used for investigation of magnetic multilayers and small samples in high pressure cells. Finally, the experiments on Warm Dense Matter (WDM), scheduled for near future at FELs, where the Compton spectrometry method will be used for investigation of the momentum distribution of electron system in WDM is presented.