Sposoby nominacji przedmiotów odzieży we współczesnym języku rosyjskim

Abstract

This thesis analyses names of clothing used in the modern Russian language. The world of fashion has been characterized by dynamic development for a long time, and in recent decades in partieular. Consequently, rich and interesting vocabulary reflects all events and fashion trends. The analysis of collected lexemes was designed to describe and interpret all ways of branding items of clothing in the modern Russian language. The research enabled the author to determine the directions of vocabulary development in the field of fashion. The need for research in the topic of clothing was due to the fact that this lexical semantic group was rarely examined by language researchers. The vocabulary was selected from Russian descriptive dictionaries, women's and fashion magazines, historical books and books on culture written by famous cultural theorists, historians and fashion stylists. Another source was the Internet whieh like the newspapers and magazines records the highest number of lexical innovations. Names of clothing were taken from multimedia dictionaries, encyclopedias, as well as offers and leaflets from clothes shops. The dissertation consists of an introduction, five main chapters whieh are the main part of work, a bibliography, an index of research material and a conclusion. The findings indicate that names of clothing make up a very interesting and internally diverse lexical semantic group. The contemporary lexicon of clothing contains words that have been used by Russian speakers for ages. The latest lexieal innovations, whieh appear in addition to the chronologically old vocabulary, are not confirmed by dictionaries. Names of clothing originated in the last decade are found mainly in the magazines about fashion or the Internet. All known means of linguistic nomination referring to the noun are used to create Russian clothing vocabulary. Moreover, the process of borrowing words from foreign languages takes place in naming new clothing. The largest number of lexemes is borrowed from English and French, while smaller groups of names are transferred from Turkie, German, Greek, Latin, Dutch, etc. A strong position of gallicisms, whieh form an interesting corpus vocabulary of clothing, is explained by long lasting hegemony of France in the fashion world. Then, it is observed that the English contribution to the vocabulary of modern Russian has strongly increased over the last decades. Studies have shown that at the turn of the 21 st century names of clothing were mostly borrowed from English. For instance, such words as джегинсы, лонгслив, свитшот, скейтеры, слипоны, стринги, танга, тишерт, треггинсы, угги, хилисы, etc. were introduced. New loanwords come into Russian under the influence of linguistic fashion and rarely result from the need to define a new referent. Then, morphological derivation takes an important part in naming items of clothing in the native language. The analysis shows that names of garments functioning in the modern Russian language are derived from different parts of speech. The largest number of lexemes is formed from adjective and noun bases. Only some lexemes originate from verb bases, prepositional phrases, numerals, etc. When simple words are created the important role is played by an increasingly dynamic process of univerbation, which involves modifying analytical phrases (купальный костюм, кожаная куртка) into one-word names (купальник, кожанка). The latest trends within the word-formation definitely include the phenomenon of composition which is a manifestation of linguistic economy. The most productive types of compound words are appositional sequences of two nouns that form coordinate or principal-subordinate structures, e.g. боди-сетка, джинсы-полукорсет, юбка-брюки, платье-рубашка, сапоги-чулки, топ-трапеция, юбка-брюки. The reason for popularity of compound nouns is that they generally do not refer to new types of clothing, but specify the details of already existing items, such as length, pattern, style, fashion, etc. Consequently, Russian lexical resources contain names of clothing which came into being as a resuIt of semantic derivation. The analysis of vocabulary shows that modification of meaning (metaphor and metonymy) is the source of enormous nominative opportunities. Metaphors designating items of clothing are motivated primarily by external similarity and, rarely, by analogy of function. Metonymy, used in Russian frequently, is typical of in formal language. In addition, an extension of meaning in the same name of clothing is very common in the researched group of lexical units. This process is observed among names of garments of different professional groups (athletes, sailors, soldiers, fishermen, etc.), ethnic groups and sodal classes.