Rozwiązania prawne w Cesarstwie Rosyjskim połowy XIX wieku wpływające na rozwój naukowy i edukacyjny lokalnej społeczności żydowskiej

Abstract

The most important tsarist legislative acts from around the mid-nineteenth century, issued for the functioning of the different levels of education and learning of the Russian Hebrew community, should be related to a number of spectacular solutions, listed below. Firstly, the introduction of the permission to accept Jewish children in general municipal and district schools, junior high schools and "partial" schools of the Russian Empire, meant, in practice, the opening of the state and nonstate school system for the Orthodox population. Secondly, when on December 19/31, 1844, Nicholas I approved the Law "On surrendering Jews in cities and districts to the general administration, with the abolition of Jewish kahal", this decision had, again, highly significant impact on their educational and scientific development. Thirdly, it should be emphasized that Nicholas' legislation also directly concerned the Hebrews' ability to obtain higher education, as in April 1835, Tzar Nicholas I decided that those Jews, who had received appropriate attestations at the end of the lower secondary school and wished to continue their studies, should be given admission to universities, academies and other higher education establishments throughout the Russian Empire. Finally, let us conclude, however, that the generally positive attitude of Tzar Nicholas I to the development of Hebrew science was, to some extent, interfering with the activities undertaken by this emperor at the end of his life, especially when an ukase was issued on October 22 / November 3 1854 addressing the need for "better education of young people in Eastern languages".