http://hdl.handle.net/11320/95 Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:38:04 GMT 2026-06-15T00:38:04Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/20306 Tytuł: Tomasz Hobbes o poznawczej i społecznej funkcji języka Autorzy: Doliwa, Katarzyna Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/20306 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/20097 Tytuł: E-Voting in Commercial Companies in Poland from the Perspective of Shareholders as an Example of Digital Democracy: Challenges and Opportunities Autorzy: Czaplicki, Paweł Abstrakt: This article addresses the issue of e-voting in commercial companies in Poland from the perspective of the company’s shareholders. It presents this issue as an example of digital democracy and discusses the associated challenges and opportunities. The article is based on the dogmatic-legal and the comparative-legal methods. The main aim is to examine whether regulations regarding e-voting by shareholders on the resolutions of commercial companies in Poland have improved the conduct of shareholder voting or have established barriers that complicate this process. The second research issue is an attempt to answer the question of whether regulations introduced by the Polish legislature enable the use of modern technologies for conducting voting, including systems based on distributed ledger technology and virtual worlds. The research allowed for the formulation of the following research theses: firstly, the regulations contained in the Polish Commercial Companies Code allow for the widespread use of electronic voting methods by shareholders when resolutions are adopted. However, they are not available in all commercial companies, nor to the same extent. Secondly, voting using methods based on distributed ledger technology is also permissible. However, voting at a meeting cannot be conducted solely virtually. The conclusions include proposals for clarification of the legal provisions in this area, which will enable more effective use of e-voting in commercial companies in Poland. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/20097 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/20079 Tytuł: Digital Citizenship and the Right Not to Use the Internet: The European Approach Autorzy: Kużelewska, Elżbieta; Tomaszuk, Mariusz; Majnik, Tilen; Piekutowska, Agnieszka; Žuber, Bruna Abstrakt: The growing importance of the concept of digital citizenship reflects the integration of online participation, rights, and responsibilities into everyday life. European policies and initiatives increasingly emphasise digital inclusion, universal access, and the promotion of digital literacy as prerequisites for active citizenship in the digital era. At the same time, the question arises of whether individuals should also be entitled to a right not to use the internet without facing social, economic, or political exclusion. This article explores the European approach to digital citizenship in the context of this emerging right, highlighting tensions between policies aimed at inclusion and the freedom of individual choice. It analyses how to reconcile the promotion of digital participation with respect for the autonomy of individuals who choose to remain offline. It also argues that recognising the right not to use the internet is crucial for protecting personal freedoms and preventing forced digital dependency, while inclusive strategies should ensure that non-users are not marginalised in exercising their civic rights. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/20079 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/20071 Tytuł: Towards a Digital Rule of Law: Redefining Citize – State Relations in Digital-Age Democracies Autorzy: Olechno, Artur; Grabowska, Sabina; Kotarski, Hubert Abstrakt: This article examines the normative tensions between classical conceptions of the rule of law and the structural transformation of democratic governance in the digital age. The main research hypo thesis is that classical rule-of-law frameworks are no longer sufficient in the face of algorithmic opacity, the power of platforms, and automated decision-making, which necessitates the development of a renewed concept of a digital rule of law. The study employs three complementary methods: the dogmatic-legal method (analysis of EU legal acts, in particular the Digital Services Act, the AI Act, and the GDPR), the theoretical-legal method (analysis of the concept of the rule of law), and critical discourse analysis in relation to digital transformation. It argues that digitalisation is not merely a technical shift but a recon figuration of the citizen–state relationship. On this basis, it develops three normative directions: digital constitutionalism as a framework for legitimising digital infrastructures, legal safeguards for public and platform-based uses of artificial intelligence, and more inclusive models of civic participation in digitally mediated lawmaking. The article concludes by formulating institutional recommendations for operationalising a digital rule of law in contemporary democracies. Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/20071 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z