http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16675 Mon, 01 Jun 2026 14:08:16 GMT 2026-06-01T14:08:16Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16757 Tytuł: Wobec sejmików. Magnateria Rzeczypospolitej w XVI–XVIII wieku, T. 2 Redaktor(rzy): Kupczewska, Marta; Łopatecki, Karol Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16757 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16756 Tytuł: Rola rodu Stroganowów w początkowym etapie podboju Syberii przez Państwo Moskiewskie w XVI w. Autorzy: Krokosz, Paweł Abstrakt: The article is devoted to the role played by representatives of the Stroganov family, famous for salt-making and conducting a profitable trade (primarily in furs and hides), in the initial stage of the conquest of Siberia by the Moscow State, which fell in the second half of the 16th century. It was then that they received from Tsar Ivan IV the Grozny huge land grants on the eastern borders of the state on the Kama River with instructions to develop them. Settlements and manufacturing enterprises were quickly established there, mainly salt brewing plants, managed by the Stroganovs. On the other hand, the safety of the new colonists already living in and attracted to these lands from incursions by local peoples and Siberian Tartars was guarded by their private troops, armed with firearms, deployed in fortified spurs. Over the years, thanks to successive tsarist grants, the family’s domains grew to the point where they reached beyond the Ural Mountains. This, in turn, increasingly worried the ruler of the Siberian Khanate, Khan Kuchum, who also claimed sovereignty over these lands. In order to secure the lands they had received possession of from the destructive incursions of the Siberian Tatars and subordinate peoples, the Stroganovs decided to take advantage of the Volga Cossack troops, who were engaged in robbery, led by the ataman Yermak. In the late 1670s and early 1680s, the Cossacks, supplied with food, firearms and supported by the Stroganovs’ armed men, set off for Siberia, with the goal of the expedition being to reach Kashlyk, the capital of the Siberian Khanate. Although the seat of Khan Kuchum was finally occupied in 1582, the fact that the Stroganovs organized the entire expedition turned into a kind of beginning of the conquest of Siberia by the Muscovite state, for the state authorities soon joined in the development of the lands occupied by the Cossacks and Stroganov men beyond the Urals. However, this did not mean that the Stroganovs lost their decisive role in the entire Siberian epic. They were still responsible for all kinds of assistance (victualing in food and weapons, supplying ships and their own armed forces) to the tsarist troops moving to conquer the territory of the former Siberian Khanate. Naturally, they gained gratitude from the rulers for their actions, which translated into economic and legal concessions for their activities and subsequent large land grants on the eastern frontiers of the Muscovite state. Thus, the Stroganovs, seeking to ensure the security of their domains, which at the same time remained at all times under the supreme authority of the tsars, by sending Yermak’s Cossack troops to Siberia, began the process of dynamic Russian expansion to the east, which could no longer be stopped. Translated by Stefan Kubiak Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16756 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16755 Tytuł: Wpływ publicystyki Jana Dymitra Solikowskiego na wybór królewicza francuskiego podczas pierwszego bezkrólewia po śmierci Zygmunta Augusta Autorzy: Podlecka, Anna Abstrakt: King Sigismund Augustus, despite three marriages and strenuous efforts, did not live to see a descendant, and thus an heir to the throne. Even during the monarch’s lifetime, the question of succession became an object of attention in many political circles. The 16th century was a time of rivalry in Europe between two powers: the Empire, ruled by the Habsburgs, and France, for which a treaty with the Commonwealth seemed a favorable solution. Regent queen mother Catherine de’ Medici allowed for the possibility of installing her younger son Henry of Valois on the Polish-Lithuanian throne. After the death of Sigismund Augustus in July 1572, steps were taken to implement this idea. Bishop of Valencia Jean de Monluc was sent on a mission to win the support of the nobility for the French prince and win the election. The task was not easy. In the Commonwealth, little was known about the brother of Charles IX, in addition to the rumors spreading about his involvement in the Paris slaughter of Huguenots (St. Bartholomew’s Night) almost doomed the chances of the plan. However, de Monluca’s agitation activities bore fruit, and Valois, despite the obstacles, gained more and more supporters. An important element of the political struggle here turned out to be opinion works that convinced the nobility of Henry’s myriad qualities. Jan Dymitr Solikowski was one of the most zealous and active supporters of the pro-French party. During the interregnum he published 19 texts promoting the pretender from the Seine, some of which were published unnamed. In the article I analyze the impact of his activity on the outcome of the election. In fact, did the works of the future archbishop prove to be an important tool in the competition for the Jagiellonian legacy? Translated by Stefan Kubiak Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16755 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16754 Tytuł: Aktywność biskupa kujawskiego Andrzeja Zebrzydowskiego w przełomowym roku 1548 – aspekt polityczny Autorzy: Sawicka, Beata Abstrakt: The momentous events in the Jagiellonian royal family in 1548, such as the death of King Sigismund I and the secret wedding of his son, in July 1547, also determined the activity of Andrzej Zebrzydowski, the bishop of Kuyavia. As a consequence of these, he did not undertake the annual statutory visitation tour of his diocese, and his duties as clerical head of the diocese had to give way to the political tasks of a senator of the Kingdom. The letters take up the problems of the Kingdom’s politics and show the Kuyavian bishop’s deep concern with them. The advice given to Sigismund I in response to royal inquiries regarding imperial letters confirms the bishop’s political foresight and uncommon diplomatic sense. The article indicates the causes and purposes of the clerical senator’s increased mobility in 1548, such as the pre-Sejm and pre-Sejm assemblies, the funeral of King Sigismund I the Old and the return from Lithuania to the Crown of Sigismund Augustus, which, in view of the coalition of political opponents of the heir to the throne, forces Zebrzydowski and Zebrzydowski to travel additional kilometers, as the itinerary is determined by the intra-family power struggle. The young king’s marriage is not his private affair and has consequences for the future not only of the Kingdom, but also of the Church. Lastly, there is the Hungarian messenger. This year he traveled by horse, carriage, sleigh and boat about 1,620 kilometers. Translated by Stefan Kubiak Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16754 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z