http://hdl.handle.net/11320/107 Mon, 01 Jun 2026 16:05:20 GMT 2026-06-01T16:05:20Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/19835 Tytuł: Cechy żywieckie w okresie staropolskim. Organizacja i funkcjonowanie cechów żywieckich oraz podległych im struktur czeladniczych i uczniowskich do 1778 roku Autorzy: Dusik, Jarosław Abstrakt: Praca opisuje cechy żywieckie wraz z podległymi im strukturami czeladzi i uczniów od ich zarania do 1778 roku, kiedy to decyzją władz zaborczych przyspieszył proces rozkładu tych organizacji. W pracy przedstawione zostały początki rzemiosła żywieckiego, tworzenia się cechów, a dalej ich dzieje. Pokazano podstawy prawne tych organizacji w postaci statutów, uchwał itp. Następnie przybliżono strukturę cechów, towarzyszy. Uwagę poświęcono również organizacji i funkcjonowaniu władz cechowych, bractw i gospód cechowych. Praca porusza problematykę zebrań cechowych, eksponując ich stałe procedury. Sporo miejsca zajmuje w niej również prześledzenie kariery cechowej, od ucznia zaczynając a na bracie/mistrzu kończąc. Część rozważań dotyczy organizacji i funkcjonowania cechowej produkcji i jej dystrybucji. Jest tu również mowa o religijnym aspekcie życia cechowego. Wśród podejmowanych zagadnień znalazły się też działalność charytatywna i obyczajowa cechów, a także zobowiązanie cechów do obronności, pilnowania porządku, zwalczania pożarów. Całości zagadnień dopełnia analiza cechowego sądownictwa poszczególnych szczebli, systemu sankcji za występujące w cechach i podległych im strukturach przewinienia.; The work describes the guilds of Żywiec together with the subordinate structures of journeymen and apprentices, from their beginnings up to 1778, when a decision of the partitioning authorities accelerated the process of disintegration of these organizations. The study presents the origins of craftsmanship in Żywiec, the formation of guilds, and subsequently their history. It outlines the legal foundations of these organizations in the form of statutes, resolutions, and similar documents. Next, the structure of the guilds and the status of journeymen are discussed. Attention is also given to the organization and functioning of guild authorities, brotherhoods, and guild inns. The work addresses the issue of guild meetings, highlighting their established procedures. Considerable space is devoted to tracing a guild career, beginning with the apprentice and ending with the brother/master. Part of the discussion concerns the organization and functioning of guild production and its distribution. The religious aspect of guild life is also addressed. Among the topics examined are the charitable and customary activities of guilds, as well as their obligations in matters of defense, maintaining order, and fighting fires. The overall analysis is complemented by an examination of guild jurisdiction at various levels and the system of sanctions for offenses occurring within the guilds and their subordinate structures. Wed, 19 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/19835 2025-11-19T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/19813 Tytuł: Zjazdy szlacheckie i sejmiki województwa nowogródzkiego w latach 1565–1632 Autorzy: Radaman, Andrei Abstrakt: W pracy doktorskiej autor określa kierunki, tendencji i osobliwości w ewolucji sejmików i innych zgromadzeń szlacheckich trzech powiatów województwa nowogródzkiego (słonimskiego, wołkowyskiego i nowogródzkiego). Ukazuje zasady organizacyjne, podstawy prawne funkcjonowania, kompetencji i praktyki różnych zjazdów szlacheckich, wyjaśnia pozycji szlachty różnych powiatów województwa wobec głównych problemów polityki wewnętrznej i zagranicznej Rzeczypospolitej szlacheckiej, identyfikuje skład elit powiatowych oraz reprezentacji powiatów na sejmach i zjazdach stanów; odtworzą mechanizmy budowania karier szlacheckich na badanych terenach; ukazuje mechanizmy interakcji między grupami politycznymi, socjalnymi, wyznaniowymi i głównymi aktorami (przywódcami politycznymi), które wpłynęły na opracowywanie instrukcji i podejmowanie uchwał na sejmikach; bada mobilność społeczną przedstawicieli elit powiatowych, realizację ich aspiracji zawodowych, a także sposoby prowadzenia przez nich określonych działań politycznych. Doktorant zidentyfikował i ujawnił powiązania patronalno-klientalne między przedstawicielami szlachty powiatowej, urzędnikami centralnymi państwa litewskiego i możnowładztwa, jako uczestnikami posiedzeń sejmikowych, kompetencję sejmików i scharakteryzował główne kierunki działalności sejmików i zjazdów województwa nowogródzkiego jako instytucji systemu parlamentarnego i instytucji szlacheckiego samorządu.; In doctoral dissertation the author identifies the directions, trends, and peculiarities in the evolution of dietines (sejmiks) and other noble assemblies in three counties (powiats) of the Nowogródek Voivodeship (Nowogródek, Słonim, and Wołkowysk). He presents the organizational principles, legal foundations of functioning, competencies, and practices of various noble assemblies, explains the perspectives of nobility from different counties of the voivodeship regarding the main problems of domestic and foreign policy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, identifies the composition of county elite and county representation in the Sejm and state conventions; reconstructs the mechanisms of building noble careers in the studied areas; shows the mechanisms of interaction between political, social, religious groups and the main actors (political leaders) that influenced the development of instructions and decision-making at dietines; examines the social mobility of representatives of county elite, the realization of their professional aspirations, as well as the ways they conducted specific political activities. The doctoral candidate determined the competence of dietines, identified and revealed the patron-client relationships between representatives of county nobility, central officials of the Lithuanian state and magnates, as participants of dietine sessions, and characterized the main directions of activities of dietines and conventions of the Nowogródek Voivodeship as institutions of the parliamentary system and institutions of noble self-government. Wed, 03 Dec 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/19813 2025-12-03T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16128 Tytuł: Ewolucja rosyjskiej polityki antyterrorystycznej w latach 1991 – 2020 Autorzy: Doroszczyk, Justyna Abstrakt: Russia is a country with an extremely rich history and experience in combating terrorism, both in the kinetic and preventive dimensions, as well as in the field of information security of activities. Until October 1917, the entire system of state and non-state bodies in Russia was engaged in the protection of the state and social system and the fight against terrorist threats. The main activities in the field of prevention and suppression of terrorist activities were carried out by the special services of tsarist Russia, whose activity is considered prototypical also for contemporary Russian secret services. It was then that a specific work ethos of state security bodies was formed, which is now cultivated by the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation - the main body of the executive power involved in combating terrorism and implementing the Russian anti-terrorist strategy. The Russian anti-terrorist policy, which was developed in the years 1991-2020, is an example of a system with a consolidating nature of organizational and legal solutions introduced in the fight against the terrorist threat, which has a centuries-old tradition in Russia. Defined differently depending on the historical period, the terrorist threat has always aroused the reaction of the Russian state in the form of introducing new criminal sanctions and introducing new legal and organizational solutions. A synthetic analysis of the evolution of Russian anti-terrorist policy after 1991 will show the continuity of the tradition of solutions used by the Russian state in the context of the terrorist threat defined differently over the years. The basis for strengthening solutions within Russia's Russian policy is the determinants of the terrorist threat on the territory of the Russian Federation, especially the threat of Islamic terrorism, which developed during the Chechen wars and during the period of the so-called Caucasus Emirate. A significant factor determining the solutions and directions of Russian antiterrorist policy is also the involvement of the Russian Federation in conflicts outside Russia. External factors largely determine the development of Russia's anti-terrorist strategy and determine the competences of the bodies responsible for combating the terrorist threat. In Russian policy aimed at combating terrorism, an important role has been played and still is by the focus on tightening legislation, accompanied by tightening the competences of the special services responsible in various historical periods for the implementation of the state's anti-terrorist policy. The history of terrorism in Russia is therefore integrally related to the development of the structures of the Russian state. The first recorded act of terrorism in Russian history is associated with the political assassination of the brothers - Prince Boris of Rostov and Prince Gleb of Murom - by their cousin - Prince Sviatopolk of Turov, who took over the throne of Kiev after the death of Prince Vladimir I. Boris and Gleb became the first saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. Terrorist methods, which are now called state terrorism, were also used by the first Russian Tsar - Ivan IV the Terrible, who, by establishing the Russian state security organs, initiated the process of shaping the Russian state security organs as an environment combating all manifestations of the then subversion and "grassroots terrorism" aimed at violating the foundations of the existing self-tenant. model of governance. Politically motivated murders also occurred in Russia in later centuries, an example of which is the murder of Tsars Peter III and Paul. The phenomenon of a terrorist threat, understood primarily as activity directed against the state, accompanied the development of Russian statehood from the second half of the 19th century. 19th century, when the Russian authorities initiated the process of creating appropriate legal and criminal regulations in the field of penalization of terrorist crimes and extremism in parallel with the consolidation of competences of state security bodies involved in the fight against terrorism. The history of Russian anti-terrorist policy shows that the legal and organizational solutions introduced within the Russian anti-terrorist system particularly prioritize the importance of special services - historically, services such as Okhrana, Cheka, and today the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in coordinating the kinetic and preventive dimensions of combating terrorist crimes and extremism in Russia in the years following the creation of the FSB of the Russian Federation in 1995. The essential problem of combating terrorism in the Russian case is determined by the international environment and the political situation in the Middle East. Attempts to integrate the anti-terrorist system with the establishment of the dominant role of the FSB of the Russian Federation are reflected in the establishment of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee (NAK FR) in 2006. The nature of terrorism in Russia, despite of the political and historical period, takes the form of anti-state activities that threaten the vertical structure of power and undermine the integrity of the Russian state. In all analyzed historical periods, there is a noticeable trend of tightening anti-terrorist legislation and expanding the definition of a terrorist crime in situations of threat to the stability of political power. The established position of state security bodies in the Russian political system is a derivative of the perception of these bodies as the main organizational and executive support for implementing the assumptions of the anti-terrorism strategy. Russian activities in the field of counteracting and combating terrorist crimes are based on the staff and specialized potential of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, consistently consolidated over the years. Terrorist acts constantly pose a real threat to the security of the Russian Federation. The fight against domestic terrorism during the Chechen conflict, as well as the international one, is a significant and fundamental factor shaping Russia's anti-terrorist policy, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It should be emphasized that Russia began its fight against terrorism and extremism a decade before the attacks organized by Al-Qaeda fighters and the official start of the so-called global war on terrorism. In currently existing Russian Federation regardless of the level of terrorist threat or the likelihood of carrying out a terrorist act, Russian strategic security documents recognize terrorism as one of the main threats to the state security of the Russian Federation. Moreover the fight on terrorism in Russia is a tool that is needed in realizing and securing the Russian raison d'état and at the same time protected against any attempts of destabilization that could threaten state security in a large scale. Therefore, the documents constituting the anti-terrorist policy in Russia in the years 1991-2021 constitute the legal basis of the Russian anti-terrorist system. They constitute a conglomerate of various approaches as well as discrepancies in the understanding of phenomena directly related to the ideology of terrorism and extremism and terrorist prevention, as well as the kinetic fight with terrorism. The Russian anti-terrorist system, with particular emphasis on the role of state security organs - including the FSB of the Russian Federation in the context of the historical importance of these kind of law enforcement agencies and its predecessors involved in ensuring the security of the structures of the Russian state, can be considered communicated, interconnected set of elements based on a collective understanding of the basic ideas in combating terrorism, as well as the assessment of the situation threats of terrorism. The laws and decrees analyzed in the doctoral thesis define terrorism, terrorist activities, the term terrorist, the fight against terrorism and anti-terrorist operations. These acts define priority tasks in the fight against terrorism and the principles of counteracting terrorism. Antiterrorism laws also designate entities responsible for combating terrorism and extremist activities. According to the 1998 Act, the FSB is the main entity responsible for combating the terrorist threat and conducting anti-terrorist operations. The entities obliged to cooperate in the context of a terrorist threat are the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Foreign Intelligence Service, the Ministry of Defense and the Federal Protection Service. The entity coordinating antiterrorist activities is the FSB. In order to provide the most comprehensive analysis of the formulated research problem and to fully verify the hypotheses and answer research questions, this dissertation has been divided into 6 parts. Each of them consists of chapters. The division into parts was introduced due to the extensive research area of the terrorist threat and systemic solutions within the framework of the Russian anti-terrorist strategy in its historical context. Part I of the dissertation was devoted to the historical conditions of terrorism in Russia. The time caesura used is the second half of the 19th century, when in Russia, Narodnik terrorism and anarchist terrorism were one of the main internal threats to state security. Terrorism became the key method of struggle of Narodism sympathizers against the tsarist regime. The modus operandi of the terrorist organizations and groups was based on attempts to physically eliminate officials of the tsarist regime, and in a moderate formula it also assumed informational and ideological sabotage. The considerations constituting the content of chapter there is a clear Focus on the evolution of revolutionary terrorism in the second half of the 19th century. The 19th century and the 20th century, which is located in the context of consolidation of the functions, tasks and competences of state security bodies and changes in legal and criminal provisions in the fight against terrorism, ranging from revolutionary terrorism, through the Narodnik’s rebellion against the political authority considered as an oppressive factor, to regulations legal system for combating terrorism in the 20th century, during the existence of the Soviet empire. Showing the historical context and evolution of russian anti-terrorist system and the approach to the practice and strategy of combating terrorism in Russia - both tsarist and Soviet - leads to a broader analysis of the conditions of the terrorist threat in Russia in a broader sense, which increased after the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The collapse of the USSR is analyzed as the erosion of a uniform identity in favor of the disintegration and striving for independence of numerous ethnos. The emergence of the independent Republic of Chechnya and Dagestan reconstructed the face of Islam in Russia. The Russian-Chechen conflicts, in particular the Second Chechen War, are a model example of a religious war. Mon, 18 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16128 2023-12-18T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/15096 Tytuł: Muzealizacja obiektów zamkowych. Dziedzictwo historyczne w perspektywie współczesnej muzeologii na przykładzie prywatnych obiektów zamkowych w Polsce. Autorzy: Mosiej-Zambrano, Karolina Abstrakt: Dziedzictwo historyczne w perspektywie współczesnej muzeologii na przykładzie prywatnych obiektów zamkowych w Polsce to praca prezentująca aktualny stan zabytkowych ruin zamkowych nabytych przez osoby prywatne, fundacje czy firmy. Wskazuje, w jakim stopniu ruiny wpisane do rejestru zabytków zostały zmienione i jakie budowle powstały na ich miejscu. Konsekwentnie analizuje ich wnętrza i stopień ich dostępności dla publiczności, tworząc struktury muzealne w postaci wydzielonych pomieszczeń, ścieżek zwiedzania lub ich całkowitego braku. W pracy zdefiniowano i rozważono formy, jakie przybrały istniejące struktury muzealne, uwzględniając współczesne możliwości i rozwój muzealnictwa w Polsce. Analizowane zamki znajdują się w Tykocinie, Bobolicach, Chudowie, Giżycku, Rynie i Wytrzyszczce. Obiekty te zostały wybrane m.in. na podstawie ich działalności w sferze turystycznej i edukacyjnej, a także dostępnych opracowań i informacji dotyczących ich rekonstrukcji i aranżacji. Inspiracją i punktem wyjścia danej pracy jest struktura muzealna w zamku Odescalchi w Bracciano, który również przedstawiono jako studium przypadku. Staram się przedstawić sytuację muzeów, przestrzeni muzealnych czy ścieżek ekspozycyjnych (zwanych też ścieżkami zwiedzania) występujących w wyżej wymienionych obiektach zamkowych, wiedząc, że ich właściciele nie są prawnie zmuszeni do udostępniania wnętrz publiczności. Wskazuję, czy takie przestrzenie istnieją, jak są zorganizowane, jakie kolekcje obejmują i dlaczego ewentualny brak zaplecza naukowego lub doświadczenia, który z pewnością nie jest problemem w muzeach państwowych, nie stoi na przeszkodzie stworzeniu ekspozycji muzealnej zawierającej gabloty, sygnatury czy nawet wspomniane już ścieżki zwiedzania. Dlatego staram się odpowiedzieć na następujące pytania: Czy znane dziś prywatne zamki mają jakieś wystawy? Ile ich jest? Kto nimi zarządza? Kto zarządza zbiorami? Kto przygotowuje ścieżkę zwiedzania? Analiza przestrzeni muzealnych w niniejszej pracy może zachęcić innych badaczy do porównania funkcjonujących muzeów państwowych z ich prywatnymi odpowiednikami. Mam też nadzieję, że rozwinie toczącą się debatę nad zasadnością odbudowy lub rewitalizacji zamków lub ruin zamkowych w Polsce. Moim głównym celem jest jednak zaprezentowanie istniejącego już zasobu muzealnego obiektów odbudowanych, wiedząc, że praktyka ta jest w Polsce coraz szersza. Muzea prywatne często dysponują znaczącymi zbiorami, dzięki czemu stają się nieocenionym świadectwem historycznym i artystycznym. Nic więc dziwnego, że niektórzy inwestorzy prywatni, decydując się na odbudowę lub rewitalizację budowli zamkowej lub jej ruin, nie zapomnieli o stworzeniu przestrzeni, która reprezentowałaby ją historycznie lub artystycznie.; Historical heritage in the perspective of modern museology on the example of private castle buildings in Poland is a work that presents the current state of historic castle ruins purchased by private individuals, foundations or companies. It indicates to what extent the ruins included in the register of monuments have been changed and what buildings were built in their place. It consistently analyzes their interiors and their level of accessibility to the public, by creating museum structures in the form of separate rooms, sightseeing paths or their complete absence. This work defines and considers the forms that the existing museum structures have acquired, taking into account the modern possibilities and development of museology in Poland. The castles analyzed are located in Tykocin, Bobolice, Chudowo, Giżycko, Ryn and Wytrzyszczka. These objects have been selected, among others, on the basis of their activities in the tourist and educational sphere, as well as available studies and information on their reconstruction and arrangement. The inspiration and starting point of a given work is the museum structure in the castle of Odescalchi in Bracciano, which is also presented as a case study. I try to present the situation of museums, museum spaces or exhibition paths (also called sightseeing paths) occurring in the above-mentioned castle buildings, knowing that their owners are not legally forced to present the interiors to the public. I indicate whether such spaces exist, how they are organized, what collections they include, and why the possible lack of scientific background or experience, which is certainly not a problem in state museums, does not prevent the creation of a museum exhibition containing showcases, signatures or even the above-mentioned sightseeing paths. Therefore, I try to answer the following questions: Do private castles known today have any exhibitions? How do they work? How many of them are there? Who manages them? Who manages the collections? Who prepares the path of sightseeing? The analysis of museum spaces in this paper may encourage other researchers to compare working state museums with their private quivalents. I also hope that it will develop an ongoing debate on the merits of reconstruction or revitalization of castles or castle ruins in Poland. My main goal, however, is to present the already existing museum resources of rebuilt objects, knowing that this practice is getting wider in Poland. Private museums often have significant collections, thanks to which they become an invaluable historical and artistic testimony. Therefore, it is not surprising that some of the private investors, who decided to rebuild or revitalize the castle building or its ruins, did not forget to create a space that would represent it historically or artistically. Opis: Praca została udostępniona 10 dni przed obroną, włącznie z dniem obrony. Fri, 14 Jul 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/11320/15096 2023-07-14T00:00:00Z