http://hdl.handle.net/11320/95 2026-11-02T13:51:04Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21193 Tytuł: Terminological Developments in the Criminalization of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) in International and European Union Law Autorzy: Dąbrowska, Marta Abstrakt: This paper examines the evolving terminology used in international and European Union law concerning the criminalization of child sexual abuse material (CSAM). The analysis focuses on both binding legal instruments and soft law documents, tracing conceptual and definitional developments that have occurred over the past two decades. The study addresses two core research questions: (1) how do international and European legal frameworks define and conceptualize CSAM, and what definitional variations exist? (2) what terminological trends and shifts can be identified in recent international and European legal discourse, and what role have soft law instruments played in driving terminological evolution in relation to binding legal instruments? By comparing the approaches reflected in key binding and non-binding instruments, such as the Lanzarote Convention, EU Directive 2011/93/EU, the UNCC, and recent policy documents adopted by international organizations, the article highlights the gradual shift toward more precise and victim-centered terminology. The findings reveal a gradual move toward more precise, harm-based, and victim-centered terminology, reflecting broader normative and policy developments in the field of child protection, driven primarily by the soft law instruments. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21022 Tytuł: The Renaissance of the Right to Strike in the United States Inside and Outside of Traditional Labour Law Autorzy: Szymanski, Charles Abstrakt: The epithets on the grave of the American labour movement have long been written. Yet hope springs eternal. Recent developments, such as the Covid pandemic and the role of artificial intelligence in disrupting traditional work models, have prompted suggestions that labour unions may yet become reinvigorated and have a role in safeguarding worker rights in the face of these changes. This article examines these prospects, particularly through the lens of the strike and other forms of collective action. While traditional union activity – notwithstanding raised hopes – remains hamstrung by regressive US labour law and low prospects for legislative change, collective action in the wider sense does have potential to boost worker rights. Such action includes both lawful and unlawful strikes and protests in key sectors, by union and non-union employees, and even non-employees, such as independent contractors. The subject of these actions may even go beyond traditional employment concerns and include human rights. Potential obstacles under traditional labour law and antitrust law are not insurmountable. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21016 Tytuł: The Employment Status of a Person Performing Work through a Digital Platform Autorzy: Witoszko, Wioletta; Ziółkowska, Krystyna Abstrakt: Performing work through a digital platform is most often done on the basis of self-employment or a civil law contract. Doubts arise when there are elements characteristic of an employment relationship in work through a digital platform. Directive (EU) 2024/2831 introduces a mechanism for presuming an employment relationship on the basis of facts related to the actual performance of work, including how the work is performed and the degree of control and management exercised by the digital platform. The classification of the legal relationship does not depend on the name of the contract concluded between the parties but on the actual performance of the work. The platform has the right to challenge the legal presumption and show that the work is not related to an employment relationship. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21009 Tytuł: Balancing Interests in Trade Secrets Protection under EU Law: A Human Rights and Freedoms Perspective Autorzy: Korycińska-Rządca, Paulina Abstrakt: This article examines the challenges in balancing employers’ and employees’ conflicting interests regarding trade secrets protection under EU Directive 2016/943. It analyses provisions of the Directive that may be relevant for such a balancing exercise and highlights the challenges associated with their application, particularly the problem of subjectivity. The study identifies key human rights and freedoms relevant in this context, including the right to privacy, freedom to conduct a business and freedom to choose an occupation. It explores EU Member States’ obligations to consider these rights when protecting trade secrets. The article proposes using a perspective on human rights and freedoms to facilitate the balancing exercise. To minimize subjectivity, it suggests the application of a structured balancing test for human rights conflicts as proposed by Smet. The article argues that this approach could support a judicious balance between employees’ and employers’ competing interests in cases of trade secrets protection. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z