http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21157 2026-10-01T12:55:09Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21164 Tytuł: Horizon Scanning of Green Logistics Futures in Central and Eastern Europe: An Economic Perspective Autorzy: Misztal, Anna Abstrakt: Purpose | The paper aims to identify key megatrends and economic uncertainties shaping the future development of green logistics in Central and Eastern Europe. It seeks to examine how regulatory, financial, and geopolitical conditions may influence alternative pathways of green logistics transformation in the region. Research method | The study applies a foresight-based research design that combines horizon scanning and scenario analysis. Horizon scanning identifies long-term trends and critical uncertainties affecting green logistics. At the same time, scenario analysis constructs alternative future development paths under different configurations of financing availability, regulatory and geopolitical stability. Results | Green logistics development in Central and Eastern Europe is primarily shaped by economic factors, including access to financing, cost structures, and investment risk, as well as the gradual emergence of circular economy practices within logistics systems. Regulation sets the direction, but funding and institutional uncertainty shape unstable, path-dependent processes of transformation. Originality / value / implications / recommendations | The paper contributes to the literature by framing green logistics as an economically conditioned transformation process rather than a uniform sustainability pathway. The study provides foresight-based insights for policy and investment, emphasising regulatory predictability and financial support for green logistics in Central and Eastern Europe. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21162 Tytuł: Reducing the Central Tendency Bias in the Performance Appraisal System in SMEs Autorzy: Moczydłowska, Joanna M.; Rymarz, Daniel Abstrakt: Purpose | This study aims to investigate the persistence and evolution of central tendency bias in performance appraisal systems (PAS) in the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector. Research method | A two-year longitudinal dataset was used, focusing on a homogeneous sample of 125 meter readers at a Polish SME. Due to the non-normal distribution of rating data, non-parametric methods, including the Friedman test, Kendall’s W coefficient, kurtosis, and standard deviation analysis, were employed to measure score dispersion and rank stability. Results | The empirical results confirm a high persistence of central tendency bias, with mean ratings dominating across both cycles (71% and 74%). However, a significant decrease in kurtosis (from 5.36 to 4.5) suggests a gradual shift towards more extreme scores, indicating system maturation. Furthermore, an extremely low Kendall’s W (0.10) indicates low rank stability, suggesting that managers performed more independent reassessments in the next cycle rather than habitually replicating previous scores. Originality / value / implications / recommendations | This paper contributes to the literature by providing rare longitudinal evidence on the dynamics of rating errors, particularly in the context of SMEs. It interprets the observed change in rating distribution through the lens of “bureaucratic enabling”, presenting kurtosis reduction as a signal of organisational learning and a shift towards more transparent and equitable human capital management. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z