http://hdl.handle.net/11320/17986 2026-06-01T16:29:07Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/18000 Tytuł: The Principle of the Rule of Law From Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union as a Value of the European Union and Its Components as Requirements Imposed on Member States, on the Example of a Judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union Regarding Portuguese Judges, Rendered on the Basis of a Preliminary Ruling Referred by a National Court Autorzy: Żochowska, Elżbieta Abstrakt: The rule of law principle is mentioned in article 2 of Treaty of European Union. This provision states, that it is one of fundamental principles of European Union. The text below is an attempt to answer the question of way of interpretation of this principle and its definition on the ground of judicial decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Judgment of 27 February 2018 in case C-64/16 Associação Sindical dos Juízes Portugueses v. Tribunal de Contas is starting point for broader reflection on principle of the rule of law in verdicts of the Court of Justice of the European Union. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/17997 Tytuł: Crypto-asset Market Regulation and Sustainable Development Goals Autorzy: Srokosz, Witold Abstrakt: The literature has long pointed out the energy consumption of blockchain technology, including in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. The paper includes, with this aspect in mind, an analysis of existing and proposed crypto-asset regulations, in particular the draft MiCA regulation. This analysis was conducted to answer the research question of how current and proposed regulations on crypto-assets address the issue of energy consumption by blockchain networks. However, the analysis of these regulations should not be limited only to the impact of blockchain technology on electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 13) but also consider other aspects of the crypto-asset impact, i.e. its effect on the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals 8, 8.1., 8.2, 9.3, 8.10, 10.5., 10c. Therefore, it is necessary to ask the research question whether crypto-asset regulations, both in force and those proposed, take these goals into account and are conducive to their realization. The research used the dogmatic-legal method based on analysis of draft and existing legislation, and took into account the literature on the subject. The study found that the analyzed crypto-asset regulations of some European countries, Japan and a number of US states, as well as the draft MiCA regulation as of October 2022 and draft federal regulations in the US, do not address the problem of regulating the energy consumption of blockchain networks used for issuing and trading crypto-assets and thus do not directly affect the reduction of electricity consumption by these networks and thus the reduction of greenhouse gases. On the other hand, they are undoubtedly relevant to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals 8.1., 8.2, 9.3, 8.10, 10.5., 10c. In addition, legal regulation of crypto-assets facilitates blockchain systems that enable more efficient management of energy distribution, particularly green energy, which contributes to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 13. It follows that despite the lack of provisions aimed directly at reducing the energy consumption of crypto-asset emissions and trading in the existing and proposed crypto-asset regulations analyzed, these regulations contribute positively to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. This does not mean, however, that the idea of reducing the energy consumption of blockchain networks through legal regulation, particularly for private networks, should be abandoned – rather, such targeted regulation should be contained within energy law. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/17995 Tytuł: Contemporary Challenges in the Implementation of the Idea of Sustainable Development Autorzy: Sikora, Jan; Wartecka-Ważyńska, Agnieszka; Jalinik, Mikołaj Abstrakt: The issue of sustainable development has been an important problem discussed among academics, practitioners and public authorities for more than thirty years. In theory, this topic has received extensive analysis presented in numerous publications. On the other hand, the introduction of the principles of sustainable development into socio-economic practice is met with many obstacles. The purpose of the article is, on the one hand, to point out the need for a close connection between environmental issues and the economic and social problems that are affecting modern civilization. On the other hand, it is to draw attention to the limitations of the implementation of the idea of sustainable development arising from the effects of global disasters and conflicts, such as global warming, the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The methodological basis of the article was the use of the method of analysis of secondary materials, i.e., the literature on the subject, reports of empirical studies conducted, and official documents. The added value of the study is the identification of economic, geopolitical and socio-economic conditions regarding the difficulties of applying the idea of sustainable development. However, a situation that favors its implementation is the need for active cooperation between the world of science, business, public authorities and social organizations. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/17990 Tytuł: ‘Constitution of the New Belarus’ as a Project of Post-Authoritarian Transformation and Decolonisation Autorzy: Czachor, Rafał Abstrakt: In mid-2022, the Belarusian democratic opposition presented a draft constitution for the ‘new Belarus’, which would come into force after the collapse of President Alexander Lukashenko’s regime. The content of the draft constitution is not simply a return to the original text of Belarus’s Constitution of 1994. This is a completely new document intended to protect the nation against a return of authoritarianism. Therefore, the goals of this article are twofold: to give a brief overview of the process of the authoritarianisation of Belarus in the constitutional dimension in the years 1994–2022, and to analyse the content of the draft constitution of the ‘new Belarus’ from the perspective of deauthoritarianisation and decolonisation, recently presented by William Partlett and Herbert Küpper. The following study reveals that the postauthoritarian reverse planned by the draft constitution for the ‘new Belarus’ should include foremostly state-building processes and strengthening parliamentarism. The conclusion is that this project has a number of deauthoritarian features that significantly limit the competences of the head of state, establishing a parliamentary model of government. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z