http://hdl.handle.net/11320/10783 2026-06-15T01:24:53Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/8855 Tytuł: Ambasada Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w Ankarze w latach 1939–1945 Autorzy: Jaskulski, Waldemar Abstrakt: During the outbreak of the Second World War, the Polish Embassy in Ankara was the only Polish branch of its rank in the Middle East. During this time, Ambassador Michał Sokolnicki was the head of it having the highest rank among the managers of Polish institutions in neutral countries the longest. After the outbreak of the war, and especially after the liquidation of Polish diplomatic missions in the Balkans, the role of the embassy increased significantly. In addition to standard tasks, she conducted observation of the Balkan states. It was also used as a transit station between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Polish Embassy in the USSR and the Republic of Poland in Tehran. With the approval of the ambassador Sokolnicki and with the knowledge of the Turkish authorities, an intelligence unit was active, which in comparison to the pre-war period has been expanded. It should be remembered that the embassy was a field in which the influence of the supporters of the pre-september government against the opponents of Sanation was clashing, which was reflected in the HR policy. In the presented article, the author outlines the creation of the Polish Embassy in Turkey and its functioning during World War II. The staff of the facility was presented, which increased in the discussed period. In addition to full-time officials, representatives of other ministries, including military in Istanbul, where they carried out tasks for other ministries. The issues of financing the facility were also outlined, both in the initial phase of the war and in the later period when there was a relative stabilization of finances. The author of the article presented the budget of the institution and its components. In addition, it also mentioned a number of problems that were faced on this level i.e. expenses flow through the embassy to help the needy as well as Poles in the USSR and the country. The institution’s officials also indicated their participation in this type of campaign, from which funds were directed to diplomats remaining without the allotment. During the war additional tasks fell on the embassy. These included an important, though short-term undertaking, which was the evacuation of Polish gold. The transit of evacuated soldiers and civilians through Turkey turned out to be a much longer process. The task was resolved thanks to the cooperation of the embassy with the consulate and the military attache. The Turks, on the other hand, remained tenacious about the admission of more Polish refugees to their territory. A great effort for the embassy was to obtain asylum for several dozen Poles, including a group of engineers and technicians. Ankara’s approval was not obtained by the ambassador to transfer the facility’s building in September 1945. 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/8854 Tytuł: Wschodnia rasa, kultura i cywilizacja w relacji z podróży do Turcji Zenona Leonarda Fisza Autorzy: Nowak, Joanna Abstrakt: Zenon Leonard Fisz (1820–1870) was a Polish writer and publicist related to Ukraine, an author of accounts of his travel to France, England, Italy and Turkey, where he travelled over the period 1857–1858. His opinions were given on the grounds of direct observation and, occasionally, he conducted a discourse with scholars’ views (for instance, he criticized the methods of George Cuvier). His personal impression, feelings and emotions were the things that mattered in order to present a profound image of life in a chosen place of Oriental East, and to show its local colours. The purpose of the article is not to present Fisz’s vision of the Orient, but to analyze his understanding of such concepts as race, civilization and culture, by the example of Turkey in relation to European West and Ukrainian Slavdom, in the context of other Romanticism authors’ views. Fisz matches the pattern of Polish romantic reflection perfectly, as while classifying humanity on the grounds of races, tribes and nations, made the cultural factor (language, history, customs, religion) more predominant than the division based on biological, physical and anatomic differences (skin color, hair color, skull shapes). Such approach derived not only from poor anthropological research development in the areas of Poland, based almost entirely on conclusions and works of foreigners; but also from the widespread belief in supremacy of spiritual bonds over physical ones, dominance of historical or cultural ties over blood ties. Even though in Fisz description, shows the concept of race biological as well as cultural importance, ultimately, what influenced conclusions of the author of the Turk and other people of East was the cultural factor. 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/8853 Tytuł: Od „dzikiej hordy” do „naszych Tatarów”. Z dziejów popularyzacji wiedzy na temat ras ludzkich w piśmiennictwie polskim przełomu XIX i XX wieku Autorzy: Wrzesińska, Katarzyna Abstrakt: Tatars used to settle in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the early 14th century. Their presence in the Polish-Lithuanian lands drew attention of both travellers and scholars: historians, ethnographers and anthropologists who investigated their origins, compared the Tatars with other peoples, studied their customs and traditions. First of all, it was noted that the Tatars maintained their confession – Islam. They differed from the Polish population in many aspects; accordingly, their cultural and physical difference was emphasized. The Polish academia as well as journalism were under a strong influence of Western thought. The 19th century, connected with a development of natural sciences, brought a new perspective as to how the humanity originated. This period not only witnessed academic inquiry into human races but also spread knowledge on races – this knowledge today is outdated altogether. The term “race”, which appeared in the Polish writings already in the early 19th century, was used inconsistently. Its synonyms were such notions as “tribe” and “people”, while with respect to the Tatars, “horde”. This terminological arbitrariness means that these authors’ attitudes cannot be termed rasist in a contemporary meaning of this word. Moreover, discussions about differences between races emphasize a dominant role of cultural factor in shaping human communities. In the Polish writings, however, various racial classifications were promoted, presented by European scholars. In this article they are discussed in the context of reflection on the yellow race, to which the Tatars apparently belonged. Moreover, the analysis includes the terminology used with reference to this population, alongside the relevant information published in a number of Polish encyclopedias; finally, Polish scholarly approach to this question on the basis of Julian Talko-Hryncewicz’s works is presented. 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/8852 Tytuł: Католический костел в крымском диалоге культур Autorzy: Gadomski, Aleksander Abstrakt: Crimea has always been at the crossroads of cultures, civilizations, dialogue of cultures. At the beginning of the 21th century, the representatives of over 175 nations belonging to different confessions lived in the Crimea. In different periods of the Crimean history alongside with Orthodox churches and Muslim mosques, churches of other religions and confessions existed. Scientists pay attention to both national structure and poly confessionalism of this region. The presented work deals with the key points of Catholicism evolution in the Crimea. Special attention is paid to some periods as well as events and people associated with them. 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z