DSpace Kolekcja:
http://hdl.handle.net/11320/107
2024-03-29T09:02:46ZEwolucja rosyjskiej polityki antyterrorystycznej w latach 1991 – 2020
http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16128
Tytuł: Ewolucja rosyjskiej polityki antyterrorystycznej w latach 1991 – 2020
Autorzy: Doroszczayk, Justyna
Abstrakt: Russia is a country with an extremely rich history and experience in combating terrorism, both in the kinetic and preventive dimensions, as well as in the field of information security of activities. Until October 1917, the entire system of state and non-state bodies in Russia was engaged in the protection of the state and social system and the fight against terrorist threats. The main activities in the field of prevention and suppression of terrorist activities were carried out by the special services of tsarist Russia, whose activity is considered prototypical also for contemporary Russian secret services. It was then that a specific work ethos of state security bodies was formed, which is now cultivated by the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation - the main body of the executive power involved in combating terrorism and implementing the Russian anti-terrorist strategy. The Russian anti-terrorist policy, which was developed in the years 1991-2020, is an example of a system with a consolidating nature of organizational and legal solutions introduced in the fight against the terrorist threat, which has a centuries-old tradition in Russia. Defined differently depending on the historical period, the terrorist threat has always aroused the reaction of the Russian state in the form of introducing new criminal sanctions and introducing new legal and organizational solutions. A synthetic analysis of the evolution of Russian anti-terrorist policy after 1991 will show the continuity of the tradition of solutions used by the Russian state in the context of the terrorist threat defined differently over the years. The basis for strengthening solutions within Russia's Russian policy is the determinants of the terrorist threat on the territory of the Russian Federation, especially the threat of Islamic terrorism, which developed during the Chechen wars and during the period of the so-called Caucasus Emirate. A significant factor determining the solutions and directions of Russian antiterrorist policy is also the involvement of the Russian Federation in conflicts outside Russia. External factors largely determine the development of Russia's anti-terrorist strategy and determine the competences of the bodies responsible for combating the terrorist threat. In Russian policy aimed at combating terrorism, an important role has been played and still is by the focus on tightening legislation, accompanied by tightening the competences of the special services responsible in various historical periods for the implementation of the state's anti-terrorist policy. The history of terrorism in Russia is therefore integrally related to the development of the structures of the Russian state. The first recorded act of terrorism in Russian history is associated with the political assassination of the brothers - Prince Boris of Rostov and Prince Gleb of Murom - by their cousin - Prince Sviatopolk of Turov, who took over the throne of Kiev after the death of Prince Vladimir I. Boris and Gleb became the first saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. Terrorist methods, which are now called state terrorism, were also used by the first Russian Tsar - Ivan IV the Terrible, who, by establishing the Russian state security organs, initiated the process of shaping the Russian state security organs as an environment combating all manifestations of the then subversion and "grassroots terrorism" aimed at violating the foundations of the existing self-tenant. model of governance. Politically motivated murders also occurred in Russia in later centuries, an example of which is the murder of Tsars Peter III and Paul. The phenomenon of a terrorist threat, understood primarily as activity directed against the state, accompanied the development of Russian statehood from the second half of the 19th century. 19th century, when the Russian authorities initiated the process of creating appropriate legal and criminal regulations in the field of penalization of terrorist crimes and extremism in parallel with the consolidation of competences of state security bodies involved in the fight against terrorism. The history of Russian anti-terrorist policy shows that the legal and organizational solutions introduced within the Russian anti-terrorist system particularly prioritize the importance of special services - historically, services such as Okhrana, Cheka, and today the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation in coordinating the kinetic and preventive dimensions of combating terrorist crimes and extremism in Russia in the years following the creation of the FSB of the Russian Federation in 1995. The essential problem of combating terrorism in the Russian case is determined by the international environment and the political situation in the Middle East. Attempts to integrate the anti-terrorist system with the establishment of the dominant role of the FSB of the Russian Federation are reflected in the establishment of the National Anti-Terrorist Committee (NAK FR) in 2006. The nature of terrorism in Russia, despite of the political and historical period, takes the form of anti-state activities that threaten the vertical structure of power and undermine the integrity of the Russian state. In all analyzed historical periods, there is a noticeable trend of tightening anti-terrorist legislation and expanding the definition of a terrorist crime in situations of threat to the stability of political power. The established position of state security bodies in the Russian political system is a derivative of the perception of these bodies as the main organizational and executive support for implementing the assumptions of the anti-terrorism strategy. Russian activities in the field of counteracting and combating terrorist crimes are based on the staff and specialized potential of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, consistently consolidated over the years. Terrorist acts constantly pose a real threat to the security of the Russian Federation. The fight against domestic terrorism during the Chechen conflict, as well as the international one, is a significant and fundamental factor shaping Russia's anti-terrorist policy, especially after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It should be emphasized that Russia began its fight against terrorism and extremism a decade before the attacks organized by Al-Qaeda fighters and the official start of the so-called global war on terrorism. In currently existing Russian Federation regardless of the level of terrorist threat or the likelihood of carrying out a terrorist act, Russian strategic security documents recognize terrorism as one of the main threats to the state security of the Russian Federation. Moreover the fight on terrorism in Russia is a tool that is needed in realizing and securing the Russian raison d'état and at the same time protected against any attempts of destabilization that could threaten state security in a large scale. Therefore, the documents constituting the anti-terrorist policy in Russia in the years 1991-2021 constitute the legal basis of the Russian anti-terrorist system. They constitute a conglomerate of various approaches as well as discrepancies in the understanding of phenomena directly related to the ideology of terrorism and extremism and terrorist prevention, as well as the kinetic fight with terrorism. The Russian anti-terrorist system, with particular emphasis on the role of state security organs - including the FSB of the Russian Federation in the context of the historical importance of these kind of law enforcement agencies and its predecessors involved in ensuring the security of the structures of the Russian state, can be considered communicated, interconnected set of elements based on a collective understanding of the basic ideas in combating terrorism, as well as the assessment of the situation threats of terrorism. The laws and decrees analyzed in the doctoral thesis define terrorism, terrorist activities, the term terrorist, the fight against terrorism and anti-terrorist operations. These acts define priority tasks in the fight against terrorism and the principles of counteracting terrorism. Antiterrorism laws also designate entities responsible for combating terrorism and extremist activities. According to the 1998 Act, the FSB is the main entity responsible for combating the terrorist threat and conducting anti-terrorist operations. The entities obliged to cooperate in the context of a terrorist threat are the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Foreign Intelligence Service, the Ministry of Defense and the Federal Protection Service. The entity coordinating antiterrorist activities is the FSB. In order to provide the most comprehensive analysis of the formulated research problem and to fully verify the hypotheses and answer research questions, this dissertation has been divided into 6 parts. Each of them consists of chapters. The division into parts was introduced due to the extensive research area of the terrorist threat and systemic solutions within the framework of the Russian anti-terrorist strategy in its historical context. Part I of the dissertation was devoted to the historical conditions of terrorism in Russia. The time caesura used is the second half of the 19th century, when in Russia, Narodnik terrorism and anarchist terrorism were one of the main internal threats to state security. Terrorism became the key method of struggle of Narodism sympathizers against the tsarist regime. The modus operandi of the terrorist organizations and groups was based on attempts to physically eliminate officials of the tsarist regime, and in a moderate formula it also assumed informational and ideological sabotage. The considerations constituting the content of chapter there is a clear Focus on the evolution of revolutionary terrorism in the second half of the 19th century. The 19th century and the 20th century, which is located in the context of consolidation of the functions, tasks and competences of state security bodies and changes in legal and criminal
provisions in the fight against terrorism, ranging from revolutionary terrorism, through the Narodnik’s rebellion against the political authority considered as an oppressive factor, to regulations legal system for combating terrorism in the 20th century, during the existence of the Soviet empire. Showing the historical context and evolution of russian anti-terrorist system and the approach to the practice and strategy of combating terrorism in Russia - both tsarist and Soviet - leads to a broader analysis of the conditions of the terrorist threat in Russia in a broader sense, which increased after the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The collapse of the USSR is analyzed as the erosion of a uniform identity in favor of the disintegration and striving for independence of numerous ethnos. The emergence of the independent Republic of Chechnya and Dagestan reconstructed the face of Islam in Russia. The Russian-Chechen conflicts, in particular the Second Chechen War, are a model example of a religious war.2023-12-18T00:00:00ZMuzealizacja obiektów zamkowych. Dziedzictwo historyczne w perspektywie współczesnej muzeologii na przykładzie prywatnych obiektów zamkowych w Polsce.
http://hdl.handle.net/11320/15096
Tytuł: Muzealizacja obiektów zamkowych. Dziedzictwo historyczne w perspektywie współczesnej muzeologii na przykładzie prywatnych obiektów zamkowych w Polsce.
Autorzy: Mosiej-Zambrano, Karolina
Abstrakt: Dziedzictwo historyczne w perspektywie współczesnej muzeologii na przykładzie prywatnych obiektów zamkowych w Polsce to praca prezentująca aktualny stan zabytkowych ruin zamkowych nabytych przez osoby prywatne, fundacje czy firmy. Wskazuje, w jakim stopniu ruiny wpisane do rejestru zabytków zostały zmienione i jakie budowle powstały na ich miejscu. Konsekwentnie analizuje ich wnętrza i stopień ich dostępności dla publiczności, tworząc struktury muzealne w postaci wydzielonych pomieszczeń, ścieżek zwiedzania lub ich całkowitego braku. W pracy zdefiniowano i rozważono formy, jakie przybrały istniejące struktury muzealne, uwzględniając współczesne możliwości i rozwój muzealnictwa w Polsce. Analizowane zamki znajdują się w Tykocinie, Bobolicach, Chudowie, Giżycku, Rynie i Wytrzyszczce. Obiekty te zostały wybrane m.in. na podstawie ich działalności w sferze turystycznej i edukacyjnej, a także dostępnych opracowań i informacji dotyczących ich rekonstrukcji i aranżacji. Inspiracją i punktem wyjścia danej pracy jest struktura muzealna w zamku Odescalchi w Bracciano, który również przedstawiono jako studium przypadku. Staram się przedstawić sytuację muzeów, przestrzeni muzealnych czy ścieżek ekspozycyjnych (zwanych też ścieżkami zwiedzania) występujących w wyżej wymienionych obiektach zamkowych, wiedząc, że ich właściciele nie są prawnie zmuszeni do udostępniania wnętrz publiczności. Wskazuję, czy takie przestrzenie istnieją, jak są zorganizowane, jakie kolekcje obejmują i dlaczego ewentualny brak zaplecza naukowego lub doświadczenia, który z pewnością nie jest problemem w muzeach państwowych, nie stoi na przeszkodzie stworzeniu ekspozycji muzealnej zawierającej gabloty, sygnatury czy nawet wspomniane już ścieżki zwiedzania. Dlatego staram się odpowiedzieć na następujące pytania: Czy znane dziś prywatne zamki mają jakieś wystawy? Ile ich jest? Kto nimi zarządza? Kto zarządza zbiorami? Kto przygotowuje ścieżkę zwiedzania? Analiza przestrzeni muzealnych w niniejszej pracy może zachęcić innych badaczy do porównania funkcjonujących muzeów państwowych z ich prywatnymi odpowiednikami. Mam też nadzieję, że rozwinie toczącą się debatę nad zasadnością odbudowy lub rewitalizacji zamków lub ruin zamkowych w Polsce. Moim głównym celem jest jednak zaprezentowanie istniejącego już zasobu muzealnego obiektów odbudowanych, wiedząc, że praktyka ta jest w Polsce coraz szersza. Muzea prywatne często dysponują znaczącymi zbiorami, dzięki czemu stają się nieocenionym świadectwem historycznym i artystycznym. Nic więc dziwnego, że niektórzy inwestorzy prywatni, decydując się na odbudowę lub rewitalizację budowli zamkowej lub jej ruin, nie zapomnieli o stworzeniu przestrzeni, która reprezentowałaby ją historycznie lub artystycznie.; Historical heritage in the perspective of modern museology on the example of private castle buildings in Poland is a work that presents the current state of historic castle ruins purchased by private individuals, foundations or companies. It indicates to what extent the ruins included in the register of monuments have been changed and what buildings were built in their place. It consistently analyzes their interiors and their level of accessibility to the public, by creating museum structures in the form of separate rooms, sightseeing paths or their complete absence. This work defines and considers the forms that the existing museum structures have acquired, taking into account the modern possibilities and development of museology in Poland. The castles analyzed are located in Tykocin, Bobolice, Chudowo, Giżycko, Ryn and Wytrzyszczka. These objects have been selected, among others, on the basis of their activities in the tourist and educational sphere, as well as available studies and information on their reconstruction and arrangement. The inspiration and starting point of a given work is the museum structure in the castle of Odescalchi in Bracciano, which is also presented as a case study. I try to present the situation of museums, museum spaces or exhibition paths (also called sightseeing paths) occurring in the above-mentioned castle buildings, knowing that their owners are not legally forced to present the interiors to the public. I indicate whether such spaces exist, how they are organized, what collections they include, and why the possible lack of scientific background or experience, which is certainly not a problem in state museums, does not prevent the creation of a museum exhibition containing showcases, signatures or even the above-mentioned sightseeing paths. Therefore, I try to answer the following questions: Do private castles known today have any exhibitions? How do they work? How many of them are there? Who manages them? Who manages the collections? Who prepares the path of sightseeing? The analysis of museum spaces in this paper may encourage other researchers to compare working state museums with their private quivalents. I also hope that it will develop an ongoing debate on the merits of reconstruction or revitalization of castles or castle ruins in Poland. My main goal, however, is to present the already existing museum resources of rebuilt objects, knowing that this practice is getting wider in Poland. Private museums often have significant collections, thanks to which they become an invaluable historical and artistic testimony. Therefore, it is not surprising that some of the private investors, who decided to rebuild or revitalize the castle building or its ruins, did not forget to create a space that would represent it historically or artistically.
Opis: Praca została udostępniona 10 dni przed obroną, włącznie z dniem obrony.2023-07-14T00:00:00ZMajątki instrukcyjne w byłym obwodzie białostockim w latach 1865-1915
http://hdl.handle.net/11320/15095
Tytuł: Majątki instrukcyjne w byłym obwodzie białostockim w latach 1865-1915
Autorzy: Danieluk, Janusz
Abstrakt: Przedmiotem badań rozprawy doktorskiej sąmajątki instrukcyjne utworzone w dawnym obwodzie białostockim na podstawie Instrukcji o zasadach sprzedaży ziemi państwowej w zachodnich guberniach osobom rosyjskiego pochodzenia, odbywającym tam służbę lub pragnącym na stałe osiedlić uchwalona w 1865 roku. Celem pracy jestzbadanie zastosowania w praktyce mechanizmów prawnych (na przykładzie Instrukcji) wprowadzonych przez władze rosyjskie po stłumieniu powstania styczniowego z zamiarem zwiększenia rosyjskiego stanu posiadania. Ponadto ocenie poddano efektywność prawa instrukcyjnego na tle innych rosyjskich aktów normatywnych. Główną tezą rozprawy jest ukazanie znaczenia Instrukcji jako najskuteczniejszego narzędzia prawnego spośród ukazów represyjnych uchwalonych w okresie postyczniowym w celu zmiany struktury narodowościowej własności ziemskiej na korzyść Rosjan i innych niepolskich narodowości. W pracy zastosowano trzy metody badawcze: kwantytatywną, prawno-historyczną oraz archiwalną. Utworzenie majątków instrukcyjnych wpłynęło na wzrost rosyjskiego stanu posiadania w byłym obwodzie białostockim. W latach 1867–1878 Rosjanie zakupili na mocy Instrukcji 40 majątków o całkowitej powierzchni 8631 ha. W ten sposób Instrukcja przyczyniła się do zwiększenia o 36% areał rosyjskiej własności. Instrukcja była najskuteczniejszym narzędziem prawnym w polityce własnościowej w byłym obwodzie białostockim w porównaniu z ukazem z 10 grudnia 1865 r. gdyż uniemożliwiła odzyskanie przez polskich ziemian utraconych majątków bądź nabycia nowych posiadłości.; The subject of the dissertation research is instructional estates created in the formerBialystok region on the basis of the Instruction on the principles of selling state land in the western gubernias to persons of Russian origin serving there or wishing to settle permanently, enacted in 1865.The aim of this study is to examine the practical application of the legal mechanisms (based on the example of the Instruction) introduced by the Russian authorities after the suppression of the January Uprising with the intention of increasing Russian possession. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the Instruction Law is assessed against the background of other Russian normative acts.The main thesis of the thesis is to show the significance of the Instruction as the most effective legal tool among the repressive decrees enacted in the post-January period in order to change the nationality structure of land ownership in favour of Russians and other non-Polish nationalities. The paper uses three research methods: quantitative, legal-historical and archival. The creation of instructional estates influenced the growth of Russian ownership in the former Bialystok region between 1867 and 1878, the Russians purchased 40 estates with a total area of 8631 ha under the Instruction. In this way, the Instruction contributed to a 36% increase in the acreage of Russian property. The Instruction was the most effective legal tool in property policy in the former Bialystok region compared to the Dec. 10, 1865 ukaz, as it prevented Polish landowners from regaining lost estates or acquiring new ones.
Opis: Praca została udostępniona 10 dni przed obroną, włącznie z dniem obrony.2023-07-13T00:00:00ZDziałalność Ligi Kobiet na Białostocczyźnie w latach 1945–1989
http://hdl.handle.net/11320/14752
Tytuł: Działalność Ligi Kobiet na Białostocczyźnie w latach 1945–1989
Autorzy: Zaniewska, Agnieszka
Abstrakt: Rozprawa przygotowana w ramach realizacji projektu badawczego Narodowego Centrum Nauki pt. Liga Kobiet w terenie. Działalność organizacji i realia jej funkcjonowania na szczeblu regionalnym i lokalnym w rzeczywistości Polski Ludowej (1945-1989) – nr 2017/25/B/ HS3/02015. Praca składa się z wstępu, czterech rozdziałów i zakończenia, w układzie chronologiczno-problemowym. Głównym celem pracy jest ukazanie kierunków działalności Ligi Kobiet w regionie białostockim, zasad obowiązujących w LK oraz opracowanie jej struktur terenowych i liczebności aktywu organizacji. W pierwszym rozdziale wskazano zasady działalności Społeczno-Obywatelskiej Ligi Kobiet w latach 1945-1949 oraz przedstawiono sylwetki pierwszych liderek. Rozdział drugi obejmuje działalność organizacji w okresie realizacji 6-letniego planu gospodarczego. Przedstawiono struktury Zarządu Wojewódzkiego LK w Białymstoku, z wyszczególnieniem skrótowych informacji biograficznych czołowych działaczek. Wykazano również kolejność powoływania pierwszych zarządów kół terenowych, trudności pracy instruktorek terenowych na Białostocczyźnie oraz formy pracy kół terenowych. Kolejny rozdział obejmuje działalność LK w latach 1956-1982. Prezentuje skład Zarządu Wojewódzkiego LK w Białymstoku, Łomży i Suwałkach. Prezentuje działania podejmowane przez LK wśród kobiet po zakończeniu planu 6-letniego oraz kryzys w rozwoju organizacji kobiecej. Ostatnia część pracy obejmuje działalność organizacji w latach 1982-1989, funkcjonującej pod nazwą Liga Kobiet Polskich. Zmiany społeczno-polityczne lat 80. stanowiły kres działalności organizacji w północno-wschodnich województwach Polski Ludowej.; Thesis prepared as a part of the research project of the National Science Center entitled Women's League in the Field. The activities of the organization and the realities of its functioning at the regional and local level in the reality of People's Poland (1945-1989) - No. 2017/25/B/HS3/02015. The work consists of an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion, in a chronological and problematic arrangement. The main purpose of the work is to show the directions of activity of the Women's League in the Bialystok region, the rules in force in LK, its field structure’s development and the number of the organization's members. The first chapter outlines the principles of the Social and Civic Women's League between 1945 and 1949 and presents the profiles of the first female leaders. The second chapter covers the activities of the organization during the implementation of the 6-year economic plan. The structures of the Provincial Authority of the LK in Białystok are presented, with short biographical information of the leading activists detailed. The sequence of appointing the first localclub’s authorities, difficulties in the work of female field instructors in the Bialystok region and the forms of work of provincial circles were also shown. The next chapter covers the activities of LK between 1956 and 1982. It presents the composition of the Provincial Authorities of LK in Białystok, Łomża and Suwałki. It presents the activities undertaken by LK among women after the end of the 6-year plan and the crisis in the development of women's organization. The last part of the work covers the activities of the organization between 1982 and 1989, acting under the name of the Polish Women's League. The socio-political changes of the 1980s put an end to the activities of the organization in the north-eastern provinces of People's Poland.
Opis: Praca została udostępniona 10 dni przed obroną, włącznie z dniem obrony.2023-04-20T00:00:00Z