http://hdl.handle.net/11320/9349 2026-06-01T16:26:03Z 2026-06-01T16:26:03Z Zabrocki, Patryk Roger http://hdl.handle.net/11320/9368 2020-08-28T09:48:00Z 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: No Time to Die – Spy Fiction and the End of the Law Autorzy: Zabrocki, Patryk Roger Abstrakt: Goal – the obligation to ensure internal security, constitutional order, and external security is a necessary condition for the development of any country. It is a condition that is not influenced by the state system. Only the mechanisms leading to the achievement of a given objective may be different. The vast majority of modern states in the international arena establish and maintain units called special services in order to protect their existence. The work of a given type of agency essentially involves activities aimed at guaranteeing the protection of the state. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the operations of current secret services and their officers against the backdrop of the history of the most popular secret service officer in the world. This work will answer the question of how far special services can go to ensure the protection of the state, and whether their actions break the law. Research methodology – many research methods were used to fully exhaust the topic of this dissertation. The analytical method enabled an accurate and multifaceted picture of certain phenomena found in the activities of the secret services, but most importantly, it made it possible to show extreme manifestations of law violations done by secret services officers that will never be met with negative consequences of the law. The main goal of any given method is to obtain certain empirical conclusions. The intuitive and critical methods were then applied. The former had the task of allowing the consideration of personal conjectures, concepts, and acquired knowledge while obtaining information necessary to write a given work. The latter was the perfect complement to the first one. The critical method had the task of logically justifying the hypotheses by constructive criticism and analysis of the literature on a given topic. Score/results – the fundamental aim of this article is to prove that the solutions of legal regulations concerning special services are extremely different from the actual practice of officers at given institutions. The above will help solve the main problem of this work, which is to present the opportunism of people who are supposed to protect and serve the people of their country. Special services, which are subject to public authority and controlled by supervisory bodies, should uphold the rule of law. Ultimately, the officers of these services are the lawbreakers. In light of the issues raised in the paper, this article is a good tool to use for lawyers that specialize in national security, as well as for officers at the institutions in question. Originality/value – the starting point of this work is to determine the essence of special service operations. Both intelligence and counter-intelligence services deal with secret tasks in different forms. The core function of the secret service is to protect the interests of the state, which is an important value for state security. The task of the secret service is to protect the legal order of the state in which they serve, but also to act within the limits of the law for the sake of international peace. Intelligence and counter-intelligence work usually assumes the form of classified and special operations. They are aimed at influencing, either directly or indirectly, a dangerous entity, thus causing a decrease in its political, economic, military, and moral capabilities. Special services are different from other organizations that have the task of protecting national interests. An important catalogue of rights and obligations for special services states that they are an important mechanism for preventing and destroying threats of all kinds with all possible tools. These tools can often violate fundamental human rights and the democratic rule of law. By using examples from spying fiction, it is possible to analyze the activities of secret services and assess how important or unnecessary the services may be.

2019-01-01T00:00:00Z Шупицкая, Оксана http://hdl.handle.net/11320/9367 2020-08-28T09:47:24Z 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Конституционные принципы как основа деятельности адвокатуры в Беларуси Autorzy: Шупицкая, Оксана Abstrakt: Goal – the bar is one of the most important legal institution of the modern state and society, which is an important element of both civil society and the state. The author considers the constitutional principles as the basis for the activity of this institution. They, in his opinion, are the basis for further improvement of its organization and activities. Research methodology – when writing the work, general scientific research methods were used, namely: analysis, synthesis, generalization. Score/results – the bar is a significant institution of the modern state and society, whose organization and functioning are based on constitutional principles. Ensuring their implementation and revealing their potential in the context of constantly changing public relations will contribute to the improvement of the legal profession. Originality/value – considering the bar through the prism of constitutional law is a relatively new aspect of studying this institution in the post‑soviet countries. In this regard, the work is quite relevant.

2019-01-01T00:00:00Z Шахновская, Ирина http://hdl.handle.net/11320/9366 2020-08-28T09:46:41Z 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Особенности субъектов конституционно‑правовых отношений в условиях построения электронного государства: на примере Республики Беларусь и зарубежных стран Autorzy: Шахновская, Ирина Abstrakt: Goal – is based on an analysis of legislation and law enforcement practice, to determine the features of constitutional‑legal entities in the context of building an electronic state in the Republic of Belarus and foreign countries. Research methodology – general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. Private legal methods: a method of formal legal analysis, a method of interpreting law, a comparative legal method. Results/score – the following constitutional principles should come to transform because of develop of digital reality: the principle of neutrality of information technologies and the principle of accessibility of information on the Internet. Originality/value – the study is original, not previously published. The value is determined by the conditions of building electronic states in the world that are developing both objectively and at the level of legal regulation, which increases the importance of identifying the characteristics of the subject composition. At the same time, constitutional and legal relations are of primary importance, which are basic, basic to all other sectoral legal relations.

2019-01-01T00:00:00Z Сазонникова, Елена http://hdl.handle.net/11320/9365 2020-08-28T09:41:22Z 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Концепция культуры в конституциях современных государств Autorzy: Сазонникова, Елена Abstrakt: Goal – the aim of the publication is to formulate theoretical provisions on the legal regulation of culture in constitutions of modern states. Research methodology – in the article the author applied formal legal method, comparative method, historical and legal method. Score/results – the concept of culture enshrined in the constitution of the state, as a value protected by the state, does not remain unchanged. As social reality becomes more complicated, the preservation and development of culture as a diverse object of constitutional regulation is more clearly outlined. The certainty of the constitutional regulation of the sphere of culture is the foundation for increasing the role of legislation on culture in the system of legislation of the state in general. Originality/value – the value of the conclusions lies in the substantiation of culture as a value protected by the state and enshrined in the constitution. On the other hand, depending on the form of state territorial structure, the concept of culture is fixed not only at the level of the national constitution, but also in federal states in the constituent acts of the constituent entities of the federation, and in unitary states with autonomous parts – in constitutions or other constituent acts of their autonomous parts.

2019-01-01T00:00:00Z