http://hdl.handle.net/11320/3875 2026-06-19T15:14:56Z 2026-06-19T15:14:56Z http://hdl.handle.net/11320/4075 2022-01-26T11:49:22Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Adam Lityński, publikacje w latach 2010–2015

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Łysko, Marcin http://hdl.handle.net/11320/4074 2022-01-27T11:36:02Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Udział kobiet w życiu publicznym II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej Autorzy: Łysko, Marcin Abstrakt: The Second Polish Republic, which came into being in November 1918, adopted the legislation of the partitioning states which deprived women of the right to participate in public life. Alongside with regaining independence, women obtained full election rights and had their representatives in all parliaments of inter-war Poland. The principle of gender equality was raised to the constitutional level by the Basic Law (Constitution) passed in 1921. In the following years of the inter-war period, women obtained the possibility to be employed as civil servants, barristers, judges and prosecutors. In spite of the formal equality, public authorities avoided appointing women to more important posts and tolerated practices which were in breach of the Constitution and aimed at limiting the participation of women in public life. The lack of an organ appointed to inspect the compatibility of bills with the constitution and weakness of women’s communities was obviously conducive to this process. The full realisation of the gender equality principle, both in the field of legislation and the practice of everyday life, would take place after the Second World War.

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Łopatecki, Karol http://hdl.handle.net/11320/4072 2023-09-19T08:45:35Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Ustrój XVIII-wiecznego miasta Białystok Autorzy: Łopatecki, Karol Abstrakt: Białystok received city rights in 1692, known privileges had been passed in the years 1749 and 1760. In spite of the fact that these acts granted basic principles of the urban system, the owners of Bialystok were able to freely decide changes that could have violated the existing order. An important change was the establishment of the landwójt office in 1769. The landwójt (mayor) was a position appointed for life by the Branicki family. The landw´ojt was able to subdue the municipal authorities and the city judiciary. Białystok was an extremely diverse city in terms of its organization. In this article I was able to isolate four loosely interconnected authority structures: city – suburbs – the Jewish community – military garrison. This, diverse in form, urban organization was supervised by courtly suzerainty. Until the 1st half of XVIII century owners could have made necessary steps independently (to a great extent). With the development of Białystok they handed over their powers (including judicial power) to the General Commissioner of the Podlasie Estates. Izabela Branicka decided in 1772 to appoint a special official – a governor. His sole task was to manage the city. An important arrangement was the division of Białystok into two areas: the left-bank, where the city “proper” was located, and the right-bank, which, despite frequently naming it a “new city”, was not a distinct urban structure. Unification was made under the reign of War and Domain Chamber and the whole process ended with the lease of Białystok by Izabela Branicka to the King of Prussia in 1802.

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z Leniart, Ewa http://hdl.handle.net/11320/4071 2022-01-27T11:07:22Z 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Odpowiedzialność karna funkcjonariuszy komunistycznego państwa za zbrodnie komunistyczne Autorzy: Leniart, Ewa Abstrakt: Accounting for criminal acts committed by the communist Polish state and its officers requires establishing the principles of their responsibility. An act passed by the Sejm of the Republic of Poland delivered legal grounds to this responsibility from 18 December 1998, concerning the Institute of National Memory – a committee for pursuing cases of felony against the Polish nation. The provisions of this act enable officers of the former communist regime, which conducted criminal proceedings in matters having a political base, to be brought to justice. Judging and sentencing the civil servants responsible for bending the law to realise the political objectives of the Polish UnitedWorkers’ Party and communist authorities,constitutes a just and appropriate way of dealing with these past events. Complementing justice in this respect should be a warning to future generations that immorality and injustice will always be subject to retribution.

2015-01-01T00:00:00Z