http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21192 2026-10-29T23:23:40Z 2026-10-29T23:23:40Z Sokołowski, Marcin http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21196 2026-10-08T09:39:14Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Organisation of the internal functioning of the State's judiciary and the principle of subsidiarity and respect for Member States' competences. Critical remarks in the light of the ruling of the CJEU of 16 November 2021 in Joined Cases C-748/19 to C-754/19 (on the question of the secondment of judges to higher courts within the domestic judicial system in Poland by the Minister of Justice) Autorzy: Sokołowski, Marcin Abstrakt: The article examines the division of competences between the European Union and its Member States in the light of the judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in joined cases C-748/19 to C-754/19. The analysis focuses on two closely interrelated issues: the delegation of judges from first-instance courts to higher courts by the Polish Minister of Justice and the admissibility of preliminary references submitted by national courts under Article 267 TFEU. The paper reconstructs the reasoning of both the CJEU and the Polish Government, arguing that the secondment of judges essentially belongs to the sphere of internal administrative management of the judiciary, which falls within the exclusive competence of the Member States. It is submitted that, in the case at hand, the CJEU exceeded the limits of its conferred powers by accepting a hypothetical preliminary reference and by intervening in the internal organisation of the Polish judiciary without a clear cross-border element. The article formulates critical remarks regarding the systemic coherence of the judgment with the Court’s previous case law and proposes de lege ferenda changes to Polish criminal procedure on the submission of preliminary references in order to enhance legal certainty while remaining in line with EU standards of the rule of law.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Górska, Rumiana Myga, Jacek http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21195 2026-10-08T08:55:03Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Effects of Introducing a CO₂ Tax: The Case of Poland Autorzy: Górska, Rumiana; Myga, Jacek Abstrakt: Actions to reduce CO₂ emissions are one of the main priorities of the European Union’s climate policy. The paper presents a CGE based analysis of the effects of introducing a CO₂ tax in Poland. Two scenarios are considered: in the first, the tax applies only to sectors with the highest emission intensity, while in the second it is extended to all sectors of the economy. The results indicate that industrial sectors based on fossil fuels - electricity, gas and heat production and supply (Section D) and transport (Section H) - are in the most adverse position, whereas low-emission industries have the potential to expand their output. Overall, the introduction of a CO₂ tax is expected to reduce GDP by 1.63%.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Konieczny, Marcin http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21194 2026-10-07T13:20:09Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Using Anti-OSINT to Create a Positive Image of Internet Users to Prevent Criminal Acts Autorzy: Konieczny, Marcin Abstrakt: The role of using anti-OSINT to promote a positive image of Internet users and fight cybercrime is becoming increasingly important in the era of digital transformation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyse the specific features of using OSINT as a legal means of obtaining and using Internet user data. To fulfil this purpose, various methods were employed, namely: dialectical, comparative legal, systematisation, descriptive, and systemic analysis. The analysis found that OSINT can be quite vulnerable to disinformation, as electronic identifiers can be easily modified, which increases the risk of falsifying the personal data found. It was found that there are methods of obtaining data, such as information about the operating system, fonts, screen settings, and plug-ins, which allow for more reliable user identification. This is becoming key to improving the effectiveness of intrusion detection systems and identifying potential intruders in the network. The study emphasised the need to take steps to change the culture, including reducing the attractiveness of abuse among users. This makes such negative behaviour less attractive and less supportive. One possible measure that can be taken is to limit the ability to create multiple accounts for a single user, which can help prevent “long-term” negative effects. To ensure the ethical use of OSINT and prevent negative consequences, it is vital to develop and follow clear rules that follow privacy and data protection laws. This will help create a prominent level of trust and security in the online environment.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z Dąbrowska, Marta http://hdl.handle.net/11320/21193 2026-10-07T11:48:55Z 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Terminological Developments in the Criminalization of Child Sexual Abuse Material (CSAM) in International and European Union Law Autorzy: Dąbrowska, Marta Abstrakt: This paper examines the evolving terminology used in international and European Union law concerning the criminalization of child sexual abuse material (CSAM). The analysis focuses on both binding legal instruments and soft law documents, tracing conceptual and definitional developments that have occurred over the past two decades. The study addresses two core research questions: (1) how do international and European legal frameworks define and conceptualize CSAM, and what definitional variations exist? (2) what terminological trends and shifts can be identified in recent international and European legal discourse, and what role have soft law instruments played in driving terminological evolution in relation to binding legal instruments? By comparing the approaches reflected in key binding and non-binding instruments, such as the Lanzarote Convention, EU Directive 2011/93/EU, the UNCC, and recent policy documents adopted by international organizations, the article highlights the gradual shift toward more precise and victim-centered terminology. The findings reveal a gradual move toward more precise, harm-based, and victim-centered terminology, reflecting broader normative and policy developments in the field of child protection, driven primarily by the soft law instruments.

2025-01-01T00:00:00Z