http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16529 2026-06-01T18:13:50Z 2026-06-01T18:13:50Z Rytel-Warzocha, Anna Jackiewicz, Andrzej http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16548 2024-05-22T09:07:35Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Commentary to the judgment of the ECHR of 16 June 2022 Żurek v. Poland, Chamber (Section I), Application no. 39650/18 (on freedom of expression of judges) Autorzy: Rytel-Warzocha, Anna; Jackiewicz, Andrzej Abstrakt: The commented ruling of the ECHR of 16 June 2022 in the case Żurek v Poland concerned the crucial issue of judges' freedom of expression. It is particularly significant in the context of the recent changes concerning the judiciary in Poland and the associated threats to judicial independence and the independence of judges, which were manifested, inter alia, by numerous disciplinary proceedings initiated against judges. The authors present the main facts and legal issues concerning the case, as well as the findings of the Court and the judgement. They also refer to other previous judgments relevant to this context. The authors fully endorse the position of the Court that a judge has not only the right but also a duty to speak out on the rule of law in case the reforms introduced in the country constitute a violation of the constitutional principle of a democratic state based on the rule of law.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z Adamchyk, Pavel Dessoulavy-Śliwiński, Bartłomiej Umair Ashraf, Rana Bronowska, Marcjanna http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16547 2024-05-22T08:51:45Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Developing Circular Economy in Belarus: Barriers and Challenges Autorzy: Adamchyk, Pavel; Dessoulavy-Śliwiński, Bartłomiej; Umair Ashraf, Rana; Bronowska, Marcjanna Abstrakt: The purpose of this research is to better understand the obstacles and limits that Belarus faces in moving to a circular economy (CE). Three separate studies were used to achieve these goals. In the first study, a research-based questionnaire was created to collect data on the business operations of Belarusian enterprises and their use of circular business models. In the second study, we used an interview-based assessment of the Belarusian economy's circularity. In the final section, we used the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method to analyze the impediments to the circular economy in the Republic of Belarus. The overall findings of this three-part study indicate that businesses are interested in and working to adopt various CE activities like waste management, resource efficiency, cost savings, and carbon emissions. However, Belarus lacks planning possibilities and CE-related initiatives due to a lack of consistent legal standards or frameworks. This is one of the earliest CE-focused studies on Belarus, focusing on the country and giving policy recommendations for the country's transition to a CE.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z Götz, Marta http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16546 2024-05-22T07:56:16Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Polish FDI in Germany – junior partner with any signs of rising strong? Autorzy: Götz, Marta Abstrakt: The economic ties between neighbours are always in the spotlight. Polish-German relations are no exception in this regard, especially given a particularly pronounced asymmetry in the level of mutual direct investment – the flows and stocks of foreign direct investments (FDI). This paper aims threefold: to analyse the recent development trends of Polish investment in Germany, to characterise the profile of investing firms and identify possible patterns of Polish FDI in Germany and finally, based on the diagnosed challenges, to formulate some policy and managerial recommendations. Methodologically it draws on a descriptive analysis of investment figures and a qualitative approach in line with the grounded theory method (GTM) framed in classic FDI theories and concepts. Confrontation of previously (2012-2014) conducted projects with the recent reports or scholarly studies confirmed challenges identified earlier and demonstrated that not much has changed in this respect. Poland when it comes to outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) is still ‘punching below its weight’. Such reflection could be interpreted ambiguously. On the one hand, Polish investments in Germany fluctuate considerably often subject to single one-time investment decisions; on the other, more investments target promising niche sectors such as IT or urban mining. The still unsatisfactory levels of Polish OFDI (development along the investment development path - IDP) can be hence explained ‘pessimistically’ in terms of missing structural competitiveness but also more on a positive note, as a result of the unabating potential and absorptive capacity of the domestic market.

2023-01-01T00:00:00Z Ksenicz, Igor http://hdl.handle.net/11320/16543 2024-05-22T07:17:21Z 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z

Tytuł: Frameworks of Paradiplomacy. Cases of Selected Unitary States: France, the Netherlands and Czechia Autorzy: Ksenicz, Igor Abstrakt: Paradiplomacy literature focuses on federations. This paper is dedicated to selected unitary states. The aim was to identify the achievement of those states in terms of cooperation between central and local governments with respect to foreign policy. The principal research method was a semi-structured direct interview. In the light of the examined examples, the French model of paradiplomacy for a unitary state appears to be the best solution. It respects both the authority of the sub-state governments to engage in foreign cooperation and the constitutional prerogative of the government as the body responsible for pursuing foreign policy of the state.

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